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Exploring KDE130The Konqueror window is vertically divided into three parts: .A narrow left window shows icons you can click to perform varioustasks in Konqueror. .The wider middle window shows a tree view of the current folder. .The widest window (at the right) uses icons to show the files and foldersin the current folder. Konqueror uses different types of icons for different files and shows apreview of each file s contents. For image files, the preview is a thumbnailversion of the image. The Konqueror window s title bar shows the name of the currently selecteddirectory. The Location text box (along the top of the window) shows the fullname of the directory, using Konqueror terminology in this case, Figure 1-18shows the contents of the /home/nabadirectory. Use the leftmost vertical row of buttons to select other things to browse. When you click one of these buttons, the middle window displays a treemenu of items you can browse. For example, to browse other parts of the filesystem, do the following: 1.From the leftmost vertical column of icons in the Konqueror window(refer to Figure 1-18), click the Root Folder icon (the one that appearsjust above the Services icon). A tree menu of directories appears in the middle window. 2.In the tree view, locate the folder you want to browse. For example, to look at the etc folder, click the plus sign next to the etcfolder. Konqueror displays the other folders and changes the plus signto a minus sign. 3.To view the contents of the X11subdirectory, scroll down and click X11. The window on the right now shows the contents of the /etc/X11directory. Konqueror displays the contents of a folder using different types of icons. Each directory appears as a folder, with the name of the directory shownunderneath the folder icon. Ordinary files appear as a sheet of paper. The Konqueror window has the usual menu bar and a toolbar. You can viewthe files and folders in other formats as well. For example, choose View. View Mode.Detailed List View to see the folder s contents using smallericons in a list format (see Figure 1-19), along with detailed information (suchas the size of each file or directory, and at what time each was last modified). If you click any of the column headings Name, Size, File Type, or Modified along the top of the list view, Konqueror sorts the list according to that column.
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DesktopsExploring KDE129If you have used Windows Explorer, you can use Konqueror in a similarmanner. Figure 1-18: You canview files andfolders inKonqueror. Figure 1-17: The KDEdesktoplooks likeotherpopular GUIdesktops.
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Exploring KDE128Type your username and password in the GUI login screen and log in asusual. A dialog box informs you that if you want to make KDE your defaultdesktop, you need to run the switchdesk utility (you can start it by selectingMain Menu.Settings.Desktop Switching Tool from the GNOME desktop). After that KDE starts up. If you re using KDE for the first time, a personaliza- tion window appears and you have to specify a number of preferences, suchas the default GUI style. If you select the default Bluecurve style, your KDEdesktop (shown in Figure 1-17) looks similar to the GNOME desktop. Using KonquerorKonqueror is a file manager as well as a Web browser that comes with KDE. It s intuitive to use somewhat similar to the Windows Active Desktop. Youcan manage files and folders (and also view Web pages) with Konqueror. Viewing files and foldersWhen you double-click a folder icon on the desktop, Konqueror starts auto- matically. For example, double-click the home icon in the upper-left corner ofthe KDE desktop. Konqueror runs and displays the contents of your homedirectory (think of a directoryas a folder that can contain other files andfolders). Figure 1-18 shows a typical user s home directory in Konqueror. Figure 1-16: ClickSession andthen selectKDE to get a KDEdesktop.
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DesktopsExploring KDE1273.If you want to configure other aspects of the GNOME desktop orFedora Core, simply double-click one of the icons in Figure 1-13 andgive it a try. When you re done, click the X button in the upper-rightcorner of the Preferences window to close the window. Exploring KDEKDE (pronounced kay-dee-ee) is another GUI for Fedora Core. KDE is similarto Microsoft Windows, but it plays a different role: Unlike Microsoft Windows, which is also the operating system, KDE is just a GUI that runs on the Linuxoperating system. From your perspective, if you don t like KDE, all you haveto do is log out and then log back in with the other GUI GNOME. If youwonder why there are two GUIs to begin with, just remember that no singleperson or corporation decides what open-source software to develop. Whenit comes to GUIs, having choices makes sense because different people likedifferent things, so the GNOME and KDE teams give you the choice. All youhave to do as a user is to explore the two GUIs and take your pick. You caneven pick a different GUI each time you log in to your Fedora Core system! KDE is a complete desktop environment for users, but it is also a program- ming environment for developers. Here are some key facts about KDE: .KDE is written in C++ and uses object-oriented development. .KDE includes a GUI toolkit so that developers can write GUI applicationsusing the toolkit. .KDE supports an object model software components that can interactwith each other. .KDE includes an office application suite. The office suite, KOffice, includes a spreadsheet (KSpread), a FrameMaker-like word processor(KWord), a presentation application (KPresenter), and a drawing pro- gram (KIllustrator). Fedora Core, however, includes only theOpenOffice.org applications. .KDE supports internationalization, and most KDE applications havebeen translated into over 25 languages. Okay, you get the idea. KDE is not just a pretty face some pretty powerfulmachinery is underneath that polished exterior. To keep up with KDE news, visit the KDE home page at www.kde.org. To start a KDE session, click Session at the bottom of the graphical loginscreen. A dialog box appears with a list of sessions (shown in Figure 1-16). Select the KDE radio button in the dialog box, and then click OK to continue.
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Exploring GNOME126c.Click to select the new wallpaper; then click Close to exit out of thedialog box. Figure 1-15 shows the GNOME desktop after I selected the alien- night.jpgfile as the wallpaper. Figure 1-15: The GNOMEdesktoplooks moreappealingwith a newwallpaper. Figure 1-14: Select adesktopcolor orwallpaperfrom thisdialog box.
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DesktopsExploring GNOME1251.Double-click the Preferences icon. Nautilus displays the Preferences window, as shown in Figure 1-13.2.You can configure many different items from the Control Center. Toselect a background, double-click the Desktop Wallpaper icon. Nautilus launches the Desktop Wallpaper Preferences dialog box (seeFigure 1-14). In this dialog box, you can now select a desktop color or wallpaper (animage used as background) for the desktop: a.To pick wallpaper, click the Add Wallpaper button in the lower- middle part of the window (see Figure 1-14) and go through thedirectories to select any JPEG file as the wallpaper. b.Pick one of the images in the /usr/share/wallpaperdirectory, and then click OK. That image filename appears in the DesktopWallpaper Preferences dialog box. Figure 1-13: Indicateyourpreferencesfrom thiswindow. Figure 1-12: You canconfigurethe desktopand thesystem fromthe StartHerewindow.
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Exploring GNOME124If you click any of the column headings Name, Size, Type, or DateModified along the top of the list view, Nautilus sorts the list according tothat column. For example, click the Date Modified column heading. Nautilusnow displays the list of files and directories sorted according to the time oftheir last modification. Clicking the Name column heading sorts the files andfolders alphabetically. Not only can you move around different folders using the Nautilus navigationwindow, you can also do things such as move a file from one folder to anotheror delete a file. I don t outline each step, because they are intuitive and simi- lar to what you do in any GUI, such as Windows or the Mac OS. Here are someof the things you can do in Nautilus: .To move a file to a different folder, drag and drop the file s icon on thefolder where you want the file. .To copy a file to a new location, select the file s icon and choose Edit. Copy File from the Nautilus menu. You can also right-click the file s iconand select Copy File from the pop-up menu. Then move to the folderwhere you want to copy the file and choose Edit.Paste Files. .To delete a file or directory, right-click the icon, and select Move to Trashfrom the pop-up menu (you can do this only if you have permission todelete the file). To permanently delete the file, right-click the Trash iconon the desktop, and select Empty Trash from the pop-up menu. Of course, do this only if you really want to delete the file. If you have to retrieve afile from the trash, double-click the Trash icon and then drag the file s iconback to the folder where you want to save it. You can retrieve a file fromthe trash until you empty it. .To rename a file or a directory, right-click the icon and select Rename fromthe pop-up menu. Then you can type the new name or edit the name. .To create a new folder, right-click an empty area of the window on theright and select Create Folder from the pop-up menu. After the new foldericon appears, you can rename it by right-clicking and selecting Renamefrom the pop-up menu. If you don t have permission to create a folder, that menu item is grayed out. Configuring GNOMETo configure GNOME (as well as other parts of Fedora Core), simply double- click the map and compass Start Here icon (yes, the icons are hard to identify, but you can see the label). Figure 1-12 shows the resulting Nautilus window. The Start Here window looks somewhat like the Control Panel in MicrosoftWindows. As in the Windows Control Panel, you do many things from theStart Here window. To configure the GNOME desktop from the window shown in Figure 1-12, dothe following:
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ShellLearning Linux Commands149As each screen pauses, I press the spacebar to go to the next page. Many more Linux commands work on files mostly on text files, but somecommands also work on any file. I describe a few of the file-processingtoolsnext. Counting words and lines in a text fileI am always curious about the size of files. For text files, the number of charac- ters is basically the size of the file in bytes (because each character takes up abyte of storage space). What about words and the number of lines, though? The Linux wccommand comes to the rescue. The wccommand displays thetotal number of characters, words, and lines in a text file. For example, trythe following command: wc /etc/inittab53 229 1666 /etc/inittab The second line shows the output. In this case, wcreports that 53 lines, 229words, and 1666 characters are in the /etc/inittabfile. If you simply wantto see the number of lines in a file, use the -loption, such as this: wc l /etc/inittab53 /etc/inittabAs you can see, in this case, wcsimply displays the line count. If you don t specify a filename, the wccommand expects input from the stan- dard input. You can use the pipe feature of the shell to feed the output ofanother command to wc,which can be handy sometimes. Suppose you want a rough count of the processes running on your system. You can get a list of all processes with the ps axcommand, but instead ofcounting lines manually, just pipe the output of psto wcand you get a roughcount automatically: ps ax | wc -l76Here the pscommand produced 76 lines of output. Because the first linesimply shows the headings for the tabular columns, you can estimate thatabout 75 processes are running on your system. (Of course, this count prob- ably includes the processes used to run the psand wccommands as well, but who s reallycounting?)
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Learning Linux Commands148As you can see, the datecommand alone displays the current date and time. To set the date, log in as rootand then type datefollowed by the date andtime in the MMDDhhmmYYYYformat, where each character is a digit. For exam- ple, to set the date and time to December 31, 2004 and 9:30 p.m., you typedate 123121302004The MMDDhhmmYYYYdate and time format is similar to the 24-hour militaryclock, and has the following meaning: .MMis a two-digit number for the month (01 through 12). .DDis a two-digit number for the day of the month (01 through 31). .hhis a two-digit hour in 24-hour format (00 is midnight and 23 is 11:00 PM). .mmis a two-digit number for the minutes (00 through 59). .YYYYis the 4-digit year (such as 2004). The other interesting date-related command is cal. If you type calwithoutany options, it prints a calendar for the current month. If you type calfol- lowed by a number, caltreats the number as the year and prints the calen- dar for that year. To view the calendar for a specific month in a specific year, provide the month number (1 = January, 2 = February, and so on) followedby the year. Thus, to view the calendar for January 2005, type the followingand you get the calendar for that month: cal 1 2005January 2005Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa12 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31Processing filesYou can search through a text file with grepand view a text file, a screen at atime, with more. For example, to search for my username in the /etc/passwdfile, I usegrep naba /etc/passwdTo view the /etc/inittabfile a screenful at a time, I typemore /etc/inittab
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ShellLearning Linux Commands147Managing processesEvery time the shell executes a command that you type, it starts a process. The shell itself is a process. So are any scripts or programs that the shell runs. Use the ps axcommand to see a list of processes. When you type ps ax, Bash shows you the current set of processes. Here are a few lines of outputfrom the ps axcommand (I also included the –cols 132option to ensurethat you can see each command in its entirety): ps ax –cols 132PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND1 ? S 0:06 init [5] 2 ? SWN 0:01 [ksoftirqd/0] 3 ? SW< 0:00 [events/0] 4 ? SW< 0:04 [kblockd/0] 8 ? SW< 0:00 [aio/0] 5 ? SW 0:00 [pdflush] 6 ? SW 0:01 [pdflush] 7 ? SW 0:20 [kswapd0] 9 ? SW 0:00 [kseriod] 13 ? SW 0:20 [kjournald] ... lines deleted ... 8973 pts/2 R 0:00 ps ax --cols 132In this listing, the first column has the heading PIDand shows a number foreach process. PID stands for process ID(identification), which is a sequentialnumber assigned by the Linux kernel. If you look through the output of theps axcommand, you see that the initcommand is the first process andthat it has a PID or process number of 1. That s why initis referred to asthe mother of all processes. The COMMANDcolumn shows the command that created each process. The process ID or process number is useful when you have to forcibly stop anerrant process. Look at the output of the ps axcommand and note the PIDofthe offending process. Then, use the killcommand with that process number. To stop process number 8550, for example, type the following command: kill -9 8550Working with date and timeYou can use the datecommand to display the current date and time or set anew date and time. Type the datecommand at the shell prompt and you geta result similar to the following: dateMon Apr 19 21:51:33 EST 2004
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